x = 5; y = 0; y = x++; Result will be x = 6, y = 5
x = 5; y = 0; y = ++x; Result will be x = 6, y = 6
Implicit narrowing conversion is done, when applied to byte, short or char.
Cannot be applied to non-integral types.
· Can be applied to only the numeric types, except ‘+’ – it can be applied to Strings as well.
· All arithmetic operations are done at least with ‘int’. (If types are smaller, promotion happens. Result will be of a type at least as wide as the wide type of operands)
· Accuracy is lost silently when arithmetic overflow/error occurs. Result is a nonsense value.
· Integer division by zero throws an exception.
· % – reduce the magnitude of LHS by the magnitude of RHS. (continuous subtraction)
· % – sign of the result entirely determined by sign of LHS
· 5 % 0 throws an ArithmeticException.
· Floating point calculations can produce NaN (square root of a negative no) or Infinity ( division by zero). Float and Double wrapper classes have named constants for NaN and infinities.
· NaN’s are non-ordinal for comparisons. x == Float.NaN won’t work. Use Float.IsNaN(x) But equals method on wrapper objects(Double or Float) with NaN values compares Nan’s correctly.
· Infinities are ordinal. X == Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY will give expected result.
· + also performs String concatenation (when any operand in an expression is a String). The language itself overloads this operator. toString method of non-String object operands are called to perform concatenation. In case of primitives, a wrapper object is created with the primitive value and toString method of that object is called. (“Vel” + 3 will work.)
· Be aware of associativity when multiple operands are involved.
System.out.println( 1 + 2 + “3” ); // Prints 33
System.out.println( “1” + 2 + 3 ); // Prints 123
· >> performs a signed right shift. Sign bit is brought in from the left. (0 if positive, 1 if negative. Value becomes old value / 2 ^ x where x is no of bits shifted. Also called arithmetic right shift.
· >>> performs an unsigned logical right shift. 0 bits are brought in from the left. This operator exists since Java doesn’t provide an unsigned data type (except char). >>> changes the sign of a negative number to be positive. So don’t use it with negative numbers, if you want to preserve the sign. Also don’t use it with types smaller than int. (Since types smaller than int are promoted to an int before any shift operation and the result is cast down again, so the end result is unpredictable.)
· Shift operators can be applied to only integral types.
· -1 >> 1 is -1, not 0. This differs from simple division by 2. We can think of it as shift operation rounding down.
· 1 << 31 will become the minimum value that an int can represent. (Value becomes negative, after this operation, if you do a signed right shift sign bit is brought in from the left and the value remains negative.)
· Negative numbers are represented in two’s complement notation. (Take one’s complement and add 1 to get two’s complement)
· Shift operators never shift more than the number of bits the type of result can have. ( i.e. int 32, long 64) RHS operand is reduced to RHS % x where x is no of bits in type of result.
int x;
x = x >> 33; // Here actually what happens is x >> 1
· Arithmetic promotions apply. char can be compared to float.
· Returns true if the object denoted by LHS reference can be cast to RHS type.
· LHS should be an object reference expression, variable or an array reference.
· RHS should be a class (abstract classes are fine), an interface or an array type, castable to LHS object reference. Compiler error if LHS & RHS are unrelated.
· Can’t use java.lang.Class or its String name as RHS.
· Returns true if LHS is a class or subclass of RHS class
· Returns true if LHS implements RHS interface.
· Returns true if LHS is an array reference and of type RHS.
· x instanceof Component[] – legal.
· x instanceof [] – illegal. Can’t test for ‘any array of any type’
· Returns false if LHS is null, no exceptions are thrown.
· If x instanceof Y is not allowed by compiler, then Y y = (Y) x is not a valid cast expression. If x instanceof Y is allowed and returns false, the above cast is valid but throws a ClassCastException at runtime. If x instanceof Y returns true, the above cast is valid and runs fine.
· For object references, this doesn’t make much sense. Use equals method for meaningful comparisons. (Make sure that the class implements equals in a meaningful way, like for X.equals(Y) to be true, Y instance of X must be true as well)
· For String literals, == will return true, this is because of compiler optimization.
· & – AND operator, both bits must be 1 to produce 1.
· | – OR operator, any one bit can be 1 to produce 1.
· ^ – XOR operator, any one bit can be 1, but not both, to produce 1.
· In case of booleans true is 1, false is 0.
· Can’t cast any other type to boolean.
· RHS might not be evaluated (hence the name short-circuit), if the result can be determined only by looking at LHS.
· false && X is always false.
· true || X is always true.
· RHS is evaluated only if the result is not certain from the LHS.
· That’s why there’s no logical XOR operator. Both bits need to be known to calculate the result.
· Short-circuiting doesn’t change the result of the operation. But side effects might be changed. (i.e. some statements in RHS might not be executed, if short-circuit happens. Be careful)
· x should be a boolean expression.
· Based on x, either b or c is evaluated. Both are never evaluated.
· b will be assigned to a if x is true, else c is assigned to a.
· b and c should be assignment compatible to a.
· b and c are made identical during the operation according to promotions.
· op= calculate and assign operators extended assignment operators.
· *=, /=, %=, +=, -=
· x += y means x = x + y. But x is evaluated only once. Be aware.
· Assignment of reference variables copies the reference value, not the object body.
· Assignment has value, value of LHS after assignment. So a = b = c = 0 is legal. c = 0 is executed first, and the value of the assignment (0) assigned to b, then the value of that assignment (again 0) is assigned to a.
· Extended assignment operators do an implicit cast. (Useful when applied to byte, short or char)
byte b = 10;
b = b + 10; // Won’t compile, explicit cast required since the expression evaluates to an int
b += 10; // OK, += does an implicit cast from int to byte
· Always keep in mind that operands are evaluated from left to right, and the operations are executed in the order of precedence and associativity.
· Unary Postfix operators and all binary operators (except assignment operators) have left to right assoiciativity.
· All unary operators (except postfix operators), assignment operators, ternary operator, object creation and cast operators have right to left assoiciativity.
· Inspect the following code.
public class Precedence {
final public static void main(String args[]) {
int i = 0;
i = i++;
i = i++;
i = i++;
System.out.println(i); // prints 0, since = operator has the lowest precedence.
int array[] = new int[5];
int index = 0;
array[index] = index = 3; // 1st element gets assigned to 3, not the 4th element
for (int c = 0; c < array.length; c++)
System.out.println(array[c]);
System.out.println(“index is ” + index); // prints 3
}
}
Type of Operators
|
Operators
|
Associativity
|
Postfix operators
|
[] . (parameters) ++ —
|
Left to Right
|
Prefix Unary operators
|
++ — + – ~ !
|
Right to Left
|
Object creation and cast
|
new (type)
|
Right to Left
|
Multiplication/Division/Modulus
|
* / %
|
Left to Right
|
Addition/Subtraction
|
+ –
|
Left to Right
|
Shift
|
>> >>> <<
|
Left to Right
|
Relational
|
< <= > >= instanceof
|
Left to Right
|
Equality
|
== !=
|
Left to Right
|
Bit-wise/Boolean AND
|
&
|
Left to Right
|
Bit-wise/Boolean XOR
|
^
|
Left to Right
|
Bit-wise/Boolean OR
|
|
|
Left to Right
|
Logical AND (Short-circuit or Conditional)
|
&&
|
Left to Right
|
Logical OR (Short-circuit or Conditional)
|
||
|
Left to Right
|
Ternary
|
? :
|
Right to Left
|
Assignment
|
= += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |=
|
Right to Left
|
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Nice and Informative post.see more
Great post! Have nice day ! 🙂 kcyfl